Political Science Sites of Working Papers - Political Bibliography of Single Year 1985

WORKING PAPER SITES OF POLITICAL SCIENCE
Bibliography - Single Year 1985

political bibliography on us soviet relations and africa politics or african politics in the 1980s

PRIMARY SOURCES:

Government Documents

Committee on Foreign Affairs. “The Reagan-Gorbachev Summit and its Implications for United States-Soviet Relations: Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Affairs,” House of Representatives (October 31, 1985).

Note: Assessment of upcoming Reagan-Gorbachev summit meeting and its implications for US-Soviet relations, an appraisal of probable summit meeting agenda items and priorities, and perspectives on U.S-Soviet relationship and summit issues.

Committee on Foreign Affairs. “Developments on Europe,” House of Representatives (January 1986).

Note: Overview of Geneva summit; examination of post-summit relations with NATO allies; review of initiatives to encourage European cooperation against terrorism, including sanctions against Libya; status of allied agreements to participate in Strategic Defense Initiative research.

Reagan, Ronald. “Second Inaugural Address,” Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, University of Texas #WHCA R2481, 2484 (January 21, 1985).

----. “State of the Union Address,” Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, University of Texas #WHCA R2530, WHTV TWTW (February 6, 1985).

----. “Address to the Nation on the Federal Budget and Deficit Reduction,” Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, University of Texas #WHCA R2633 (April 24, 1985).

----. “Address to the Nation on the Release of the TWA Hostages,” Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, University of Texas #WHCA R2734, WHTV #619 (June 30, 1985).

----. “Address to the General Assembly of the United Nations,” University of Texas #WHCA R2875, WHTV 083 (October 24, 1985).

----. “Address to the Nation on the Upcoming Soviet-United States Summit in Geneva,” University of Texas #WHCA R2900, WHTV TWTW (November 14, 1985).

----. “Address following the Soviet-United States Summit Meeting in Geneva,” University of Texas #R2920, R2922-2923, (November 21, 1985).

-----. “Prohibiting Trade and Certain Other Transactions Involving South Africa,” Executive Order 12532 (September 9, 1985).

Note: Reagan asserts that the policies and actions of the government of South Africa constitute an extraordinary threat to the foreign policy and economy of the United States.

(http://www.nara.gov/fedreg/codific/eos/e12532.html)

“Report From Vice President Bush’s Task Force on Combating Terrorism,” (January 1987).

Note: Formed in July 1985 shortly after the TWA 847 hijacking, the cabinet-level task force was developed at the behest of President Reagan to review and evaluate United States’ policy concerning terrorism. Released classified report to President Reagan in December 1985 and issued a public report the following February. (http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/find/foia/1999-0137-F.html)

Vice Presidential Staff and Office Files (1989 – 1992).

Note: Contains background information on South Africa, intelligence analysis, biographies, policy memoranda, and correspondence between Congress and the Vice President and between the Vice President and his advisors regarding South African sanctions.

(http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/find/foia/1999-0103-F.html)

Legislation

Theme: US – Soviet Relations

Event: Reagan and Gorbachev Summit

Senator Richard Lugar. “An original joint resolution to commend the people and the sovereign confederation of the neutral nation of Switzerland for their contributions to freedom, international peace, and understanding on the occasion of the meeting between the leaders of the United States and the Soviet Union on November 19-20, 1985, in Geneva, Switzerland,” S.J.RES.227 (Public Law 99-144, 11/08/85).

Senator John Warner. “A joint resolution authorizing the Secretary of Defense to provide to the Soviet Union, on a reimbursable basis, equipment and services necessary for an improved United States/Soviet Direct Communication Link for crisis control,” S.J.RES108 (Public Law 99-85, 08/08/85).

Theme: South African Politics

Event: Apartheid

Senator Alan Dixon. “A joint resolution to designate May 25, 1986 as “Hands Across America Day”, for the purpose of helping people to help themselves, and commending United Support of Artists for Africa and all participants for their efforts toward combating domestic hunger with a 4000 mile human chain from coast to coast,” S.J.RES.246 (Public Law 99-321, 05/23/86).

Representative William Gray. “A bill to prohibit loans to, other investments in, and certain other activities with respect to, South Africa, and for other purposes,” H.R.4868 (Public Law 99-440,10/02/86).

Senator Richard Lugar. “A bill to authorize appropriations for famine relief and recovery in Africa,” S.689 (Public Law 99-8, 04/02/85).

Representative Jamie Whitten. “A bill making urgent supplemental appropriations for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1985, for emergency relief and recovery in Africa, and for other purposes,” H.R. 1239 (Public Law 99-10, 04/04/85).

Representative Howard Wolpe. “A joint resolution to make corrections in the Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act of 1986,” H.J.RES.756 (Public Law 99-631, 11/07/86).

Theme: Terrorism

Event: TWA 847

Senator Jeremiah Denton. “A joint resolution to proclaim October 23, 1985, as “A time of remembrance” for all victims of terrorism throughout the world,” S.J.RES.104 (Public Law 99-132, 10/28/85).

Senator Richard Lugar. “An original bill to amend the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, the Arms Export Control Act and other acts to authorize appropriations for the fiscal year 1986 for international security and development assistance, the Peace Corps, the Inter-American Foundation, and the African Development Foundation, and for other purposes,” S.960 (Public Law 99-83, 08/08/85).

Guides to Published Primary Material

Alali, Odasuo. Terrorism and the News Media: A selected, annotated bibliography (McFarland, 1994).

Note: Provides a comprehensive bibliography of books, reports, articles, and conference papers. References over 400 studies.

Historic Documents of 1985 (Congressional Quarterly Books, 1986).

Note: Contains nearly 100 primary documents pertaining to foreign affairs, education, the environment, law, science, health, and culture of 1985.

McCoy, Judy. Rap Music in the 1980s: A reference guide (Scarecrow Press, 1992).

Note: Annotations of 1,070 articles from such magazines as Billboard, Melody Maker, Variety, People Weekly, Rolling Stone, Newsweek, Village Voice, and Spin. Entries arranged by author. Includes news stories, reviews, controversies, and other rap-related items published between 1980 and 1990.

Wood, Naomi. Checklist of Bibliographies Appearing in the Bulletin of Bibliography, 1897-1987 (Greenwood Press, 1989).

Note: Cumulative index to every issue of the Bulletin of Bibliography until 1987. Provides an index to every article bibliography, book review, editorial, and biographical note.

Vital Speeches of the Day (City News Publishing Company, 1984, 1985, 1986).

Note: Stores the speeches of important public officials concerning important events of the era.

Periodicals

Boston Globe

Scharfenberg, Kirk. “The Year in Review,” (December 29, 1985).

New York Times

“The Year in Review,” (December 1985).

Newsday

Anderson, J.P. “A Look Back at 1985 and its Major Events,” (December 29, 1985).

Newsweek

Note: Content analysis performed on the covers of all issues from January 7 to December 30, 1985.

Washington Post

“The Year in Review,” (December 1985).

Fuller, Chet. “A Good Year to Say Goodbye to,” Atlanta Journal and Constitution (January 6, 1986).

Note: It is well known that the print media often obtain their news from the same sources. The year-in-reviews, however, are often written by journalists who have different opinions about what was important and how important it should have been. Still, for the most part, the periodicals above do discuss the same events. The year-in-reviews and the content analysis of Newsweek confirm the major themes selected for this bibliography.

Sources for First Theme: US – Soviet Relations

Books

Caldwell, Lawrence. Soviet-American Relations in the 1980s: Superpower politics and East-West trade (McGraw-Hill, 1981).

Note: Details foreign relations between the Soviet Union and the United States starting in 1945 and concluding in 1991.

English, Robert. Russia and the Idea of the West: Gorbachev, intellectuals, and the end of the Cold War (Columbia University Press, 2000).

Note: Reveals the important role of new leaders like Gorbachev. Also explores the eventual end of the Cold War and the Soviet Union.

Russia and the Independent States (Congressional Quarterly Books, 2001).

Note: Details selected biographies of past Soviet leaders and a chronology of prominent events from 1900 to 1992.

Dissertations

Al-Hajji, Bader. Agenda-Setting Power of the Audience: Effect of public opinion polls on the coverage of the Reagan-Gorbachev summits by three major newsweeklies. 57 Dissertation Abstracts International 6 (1996): 2251-A. DA9633005.

Davis, Barbara. “A Content Analysis of the Coverage Given the 1985, 1986, and 1987 Summits between President Ronald Reagan and General Secretary Mikhail S. Gorbachev,” 49 Dissertation Abstracts International 9 (1989): 2433-A. DA8822213.

Note: Graduate students are often more specific and narrow in their research. The titles above are self-explanatory.

Journals

Azrael, Jeremy and Stephen Sestanovich. “Superpower Balancing Acts,” 64 Foreign Affairs 3 (1986): 479.

Note: Asserts that the 1985 Geneva summit between Reagan and Gorbachev not substantive. States that Reagan remained adamant in his push for the Strategic Defense Initiative and in his support for the Nicaraguan contras, while Gorbachev indicated that Soviet interests in Afghanistan, Nicaragua, and Angola would continue.

Blacker, Coit. “Lessons From US – Soviet Summits,” 41 Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 10 (1985): 14.

Note: Stresses that the 1985 Geneva summit with Reagan and Gorbachev offers little hope for discernible arms control improvement.

Hulett, Louisa. “Containment Revisited: US-Soviet relations in the 1980s,” 14 Parameters 3 (1984): 51.

Note: Claims that Reagan’s foreign policy toward the USSR attempted to preserve United States security by showing a willingness to match Soviet threats and arms escalations.

So, Clement. “The Summit As War: How journalists use metaphors,” 64 Journalism Quarterly 2-3 (1987): 623.

Note: Examines the metaphors American journalists used to depict the 1985 US-Soviet summit meeting held in Geneva, using the New York Times, Time, and Newsweek.

Periodicals

Drew, Elizabeth. “Summing Up the Summit,” New Yorker (December 9, 1985): 130.

Note: States that Reagan’s summit success was another testimony to his capacity for setting the terms for his ability to connect with the American people.

“Reagan/Gorbachev Rapport,” Maclean’s (December 2, 1985): 32.

Note: Asserts that Reagan and Gorbachev failed to achieve major agreement on any issues that dominated their agenda, but the apparently genuine personal rapport the two men established transcended that failure.

Smith, Hedrick. “Setting the Post-Summit Tone,” New York Times Magazine (December 8, 1985): 70.

Note: Shows that the Geneva summit was only a prelude to US – Soviet talks next summer from which the public will expect more substantive accomplishments.

Tirman, John. “How We Ended the Cold War,” Nation (November 1, 1999).

Note: Discusses the events that began in the 1980s between the US and the USSR. Briefly describes the attitudes of Americans by the time Reagan held his first summit with Gorbachev.

Sources for Second Theme: African Politics

Books

Berry, Ian and Chris Boot. Living Apart: South Africa under apartheid (Phaidon-Press, 1996).

Note: A photographic record of South African race relations.

Brewer, John. Can South Africa Survive? Five minutes to midnight (St.Martin’s Press, 1989).

Note: Contends that the survival of Africa depends on international pressure, the fragility of the domestic economy, the hostility of neighboring black states, and the dynamics of international politics.

Leach, Graham. South Africa: No easy path to peace (Routledge and Kegan, 1986).

Note: Accounts the political situation of South Africa and focuses on the events from the early decade to the middle decade.

Murray, Martin. South Africa: Times of agony, time of destiny (Verso Editors, 1987).

Note: Presents the positions, activities, and leaders of the many sub-groups in the protest movement in South Africa. Details the uprisings of 1984-86.

Pascoe, Elaine. South Africa: Troubled land (Watts, 1992).

Note: Traces the sociopolitical history of contemporary South Africa and the course of the anti-apartheid struggle. Contains chronicles of economic and social histories, including the institutionalization of racism and the legacies of opposition to that policy. Includes profiles of activists and analyses of organizations and issues.

Price, Robert. The Apartheid State in Crisis: Political transformation in South Africa, 1975-1990 (Oxford University Press, 1991).

Note: Describes the stagnant economy and political insurrection that South Africa experienced in the 1980s. Analyzes the contemporary political developments in South Africa.

Journals

Culverson, Donald. “The Politics of the Anti-Apartheid Movement in the United States, 1969-1986,” 111 Political Science Quarterly 1 (1996): 127.

Note: Demonstrates how the public paid little attention to Reagan’s foreign policy toward South Africa during his first term and half of his second. Describes how the antiapartheid movement had developed into an effective grassroots campaign in order to change the policies of state and local governments, colleges and universities, and other institutions—thereby getting Congress to change Reagan’s initiatives.

Schroth,Evelyn. “Nadine Gordimer’s ‘A Chip of Glass Ruby: A commentary on apartheid society’ ”17Journal of Black Studies 1 (September, 1986): 85.

Note: Presents views from a historical context on using political commentary to oppose apartheid.

Solop, Frederic. “Public Protest and Public Policy: The anti-apartheid movement and political innovation,” 9 Policy Studies Review 2 (1990): 307.

Note:. Author uses agenda-setting literature to examine the relationship between the antiapartheid movement in the United States and the adoption of economic sanctions against South Africa, which was a complete reversal of foreign policy towards Africa. Analysis is based on a data set consisting of 1,353 events appearing in the New York Times between 1960 and 1986, interviews with activists and legislators, and archival materials.

Periodicals

“The TransAfrica Lobby’s Protests,” Time (November 25, 1985): 41.

Note: Says the TransAfrica lobby’s protests started one of the longest demonstrations in United States history, with Picketing arrests every weekday in front of the S. African embassy igniting protests in other United States cities.

“Reagan’s Abrupt Reversal on South Africa,” Time (September 16, 1985): 42.

Note: Announces Reagan’s executive actions to reverse his rejection of sanctions against South Africa. The continuing problems of South Africa are discussed.

“South African Rioting,” Time (September 17, 1984): 54.

Note: Describes the worst wave of violence to sweep the country in eight years, caused by the new constitution that granted no power to the black population.

“US Policy Toward South Africa,” Congressional Digest (October 1985): 225.

Note: Features a summary of the situation in South Africa, basic United States policy, action in Congress, and Reagan’s executive order. Also a debate on the soundness of the proposed Anti-Apartheid Act of 1985.

Internet Site

The Transition

Note: Contains speech and press archives and many other primary papers dealing with the political changes in Africa during the 1980s. (http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/)

Sources for Third Theme: Terrorism

Books

Crenshaw, Martha. Encyclopedia of World Terrorism (Sharpe Reference, 1997).

Note: Uses articles of scholars and journalists to provide introductory surveys and analyses of a variety of terrorist groups and actions. Presents a chronology of terrorism since 1945.

Guelke, Adrian. The Age of Terrorism and the International Political System (Tauris Academy Studies, 1995).

Note: Focus is on European terrorism, with some attention to South Africa and the Third World since the 1960s.

Martin, David. Best Laid Plans: The inside story of America’s war against terrorism (Harper and Row, 1988).

Note: Gives an examination of Reagan’s handling of international terrorism and the kidnapping of American hostages.

Nacos, Brigitte. Terrorism and the Media: From the Iran hostage crisis to the World Trade Center bombing (Columbia University Press, 1994).

Note: Asserts that much of the terrorism experienced by the United States is manipulated by the terrorists themselves for media recognition of their causes. Claims that past terrorists sought to command media attention in order to limit the policy options with which the American government could respond.

Picard, Robert. Media Portrayals of Terrorism (Iowa State University Press, 1993).

Note: Demonstrates that most terrorist violence is never reported in the media.

Schaffert, Richard. Media Coverage and Political Terrorists: A quantitative analysis (Praeger, 1992).

Note: Criticizes leading newspapers in the United States, Britain, and Germany for their coverage of 49 international terrorism events from 1978 to 1981.

Thackrah, John. Encyclopedia of Terrorism and Political Violence (Routledge and Kegan, 1987).

Note: Presents two hundred entries on specific events, individuals, groups, and nations that relate to terrorism.

Journals

Aruri, Naseer and John Carroll. “US Policy and Terrorism,” 7 Journal for Arab and Islamic Studies (1986): 29.

Note: Discusses Reagan’s policy of antiterrorism and its support for Israel, showing that the United States has accepted a double standard in its approach to terrorism.

El-Sherbini, Magda. “Terrorism: Current readings,” 18 Reference Services Review 4 (1990): 49.

Note: Presents selected current readings on the subject of terrorism. Includes books, periodicals, encyclopedias and dictionaries, directories, bibliographies, and database files beginning in 1985.

Friedlander, Robert. “So Proudly They Failed: The Reagan Administration and the gradual disintegration of US counter-terror policy,” 31 German Yearbook of International Law (1988): 415.

Note: Uses the examples of TWA 847, the Achille Lauro, the Libyan raid, and the Iran-Contra scandal to show that the Reagan administration’s counter-terrorism policy was largely ineffective due to rhetoric, undelivered promises, and bad judgment.

Kupperman, Robert. “Terrorism - What Should We Do?” 12 This World (1985): 31.

Note: Responses of 13 scholars and policymakers to what the United States can do in response to the increased threat of terrorism.

Hinckley, Ronald. “American Opinion Toward Terrorism: The Reagan years,” 12 Terrorism 6 (1989): 387.

Note: Examines American attitudes toward terrorism during the Reagan administration, touching on the relationship between foreign policymaking and public opinion. Asserts that for terrorism policies to be effective there must be some congruence with public opinion on the issue.

Mandelbaum, Michael. “The Luck of the President,” 64 Foreign Affairs 3 (1986): 393.

Note:. Looks at the Achille Lauro and other terroristic acts to show that Reagan avoided any lengthy foreign entanglement related to adverse foreign policy. Claims Reagan promised swift retaliation against terrorism, but in most cases Reagan merely rode out the storms without acting.

Maurer, Marvin. “The TWA Hijack: Television embraces the terrorists,” 31 Midstream 9 (1985): 10.

Note: Claims American television networks got cooperation of the Arab terrorists by agreeing to present their cause in a favorable light to secure high ratings for their news coverage of the 1985 hijacking of a Trans World Airlines jet.

Nacos, Brigitte. “Terrorism and the Print Media: The 1985 TWA hostage crisis,” 12 Terrorism 2 (1989): 107.

Note: Discusses newspaper coverage of the 1985 hostage crisis involving TWA flight 847. Describes the controversy about Robert Stethem, who was killed, and the 37 Americans who were held captive in Beirut for 16 days.

Parker, June. “A Look at US Government Publications on Terrorism, 1985-1992,” 22 Reference Services Review 2 (1994): 15.

Note: Offers varied sources for research on many aspects of terrorism. Presents a survey of 54 United States government publications on domestic and international terrorism published from 1985 through 1992.

Schwartz, Stephen. “I Pledge Insurgence,” 21 Soldier of Fortune 5 (May 1, 1996): 42.

Note: Discusses how some Americans felt when they heard FMLN guerrillas killed two American civilians and four Marines in cold blood in El Salvador.

Periodicals

Lule, Jack. “Murder and Myth: New York Times coverage of the TWA 847 hijacking victim,” 70 Journalism Quarterly 1 (Spring 1993): 26.

Note: Studies the language of news reports on Robert Stethem’s killing during the TWA 847 hijack in 1985.

“Shultz on Terrorism,” Time (October 21, 1985): 16.

Note: An interview of Secretary of State Shultz who says that terrorism is losing ground in that the civilized international community is becoming very alert to it and more determined to stop it.

“Terror Aboard Flight 847,” Time (June 24, 1985): 18.

Note: Problems, fears, and reactions of this event are discussed.

Internet Sites

Political Terrorism Database

Note: Online resource relative to political terrorism. Divided into geographic areas containing an index of terrorist groups and international terrorism incidents. (http://polisci.home.mindspring.com/ptd/)

Terrorism Research Center

Note: Consist of essays on current issues and extensive links to other terrorism documents, research, and resources. (http://www.terrorism.com/index.shtml)

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