About the CBI

October 2005
Background Note: Poland

Flag of Poland is two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red.

PROFILE

OFFICIAL NAME:
Republic of Poland

Geography
Area: 312,683 sq. km. (120,725 sq. mi.); about the size of New Mexico.
Cities (2004): Capital--Warsaw (pop. 1,690,821). Other cities--Lodz
(776,297), Krakow (757,957), Wroclaw (636,854), Poznan (573,003), Gdansk
(460,524).
Terrain: Flat plain, except mountains along southern border.
Climate: Temperate continental.

People
Nationality: Noun--Pole(s). Adjective--Polish.
Population (December 2004): 38.6 million.
Annual growth rate: Unchanging.
Ethnic groups: Polish 98%, German, Ukrainian, Belorussian, Lithuanian.
Religions: Roman Catholic 90%, Eastern Orthodox, Uniate, Protestant, Judaism.
Language: Polish.
Education: Literacy--98%.
Health (2004): Infant mortality rate-- 7.4/1,000. Life expectancy--males 70
yrs., females 79 yrs.
Work force: 17.0 million. Industry and construction--25.3%;
agriculture--28.7%; trade and business--28.0%; government and other--18.0%.

Government
Type: Republic.
Constitution: The constitution now in effect was approved by a national
referendum on May 25, 1997. The constitution codifies Poland's democratic
norms and establishes checks and balances among the president, prime
minister, and parliament. It also enhances several key elements of democracy,
including judicial review and the legislative process, while continuing to
guarantee the wide range of civil rights, such as the right to free speech,
press, and assembly, which Poles have enjoyed since 1989.
Branches: Executive--head of state (president), head of government (prime
minister). Legislative--bicameral National Assembly (lower house--Sejm, upper
house--Senate). Judicial--Supreme Court, provincial and local courts,
constitutional tribunal.
Administrative subdivisions: 16 provinces (voivodships).
Political parties (in Parliament): Democratic Left Alliance (SLD), Citizens
Platform (PO), Self-Defense (SO), Law and Justice (PiS), Polish Peasant Party
(PSL), League of Polish Families (LPR), Union of Labor (UP), and Social
Democracy of Poland (SdPl).
Suffrage: Universal at 18.

Economy
GDP (2004): $244 billion.
Real GDP growth (2004): 5.4%.
Per capita GDP (2004): $6,381.
Rate of inflation (2004): 3.5%.
Natural resources: Coal, copper, sulfur, natural gas, silver, lead, salt.
Agriculture: Products--grains, hogs, dairy, potatoes, horticulture,
sugarbeets, oilseed.
Industry: Types--machine building, iron and steel, mining, shipbuilding,
automobiles, furniture, textiles and apparel, chemicals, food processing,
glass, beverages.
Trade (2004): Exports--$80.9 billion: furniture, cars, ships, coal, apparel.
Imports--$87.1 billion: crude oil, passenger cars, pharmaceuticals, car
parts, computers.

PEOPLE
Poland today is ethnically almost homogeneous (98% Polish), in contrast with
the World War II period, when there were significant ethnic minorities--4.5
million Ukrainians, 3 million Jews, 1 million Belorussians, and 800,000
Germans. The majority of the Jews were murdered during the German occupation
in World War II, and many others emigrated in the succeeding years.

Most Germans left Poland at the end of the war, while many Ukrainians and
Belorussians lived in territories incorporated into the then-U.S.S.R. Small
Ukrainian, Belorussian, Slovakian, and Lithuanian minorities reside along the
borders, and a German minority is concentrated near the southwest city of
Opole.

HISTORY
Poland's written history begins with the reign of Mieszko I, who accepted
Christianity for himself and his kingdom in AD 966. The Polish state reached
its zenith under the Jagiellonian dynasty in the years following the union
with Lithuania in 1386 and the subsequent defeat of the Teutonic Knights at
Grunwald in 1410. The monarchy survived many upheavals but eventually went
into a decline, which ended with the final partition of Poland by Prussia,
Russia, and Austria in 1795.

Independence for Poland was one of the 14 points enunciated by President
Woodrow Wilson during World War I. Many Polish Americans enlisted in the
military services to further this aim, and the United States worked at the
postwar conference to ensure its implementation.

However, the Poles were largely responsible for achieving their own
independence in 1918. Authoritarian rule predominated for most of the period
before World War II. On August 23, 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union signed
the Ribbentrop-Molotov nonaggression pact, which secretly provided for the
dismemberment of Poland into Nazi and Soviet-controlled zones. On September
1, 1939, Hitler ordered his troops into Poland. On September 17, Soviet
troops invaded and then occupied eastern Poland under the terms of this
agreement. After Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, Poland was
completely occupied by German troops.

The Poles formed an underground resistance movement and a government in
exile, first in Paris and later in London, which was recognized by the Soviet
Union. During World War II, 400,000 Poles fought under Soviet command, and
200,000 went into combat on Western fronts in units loyal to the Polish
government in exile.

In April 1943, the Soviet Union broke relations with the Polish government in
exile after the German military announced that they had discovered mass
graves of murdered Polish army officers at Katyn, in the U.S.S.R. (The
Soviets claimed that the Poles had insulted them by requesting that the Red
Cross investigate these reports.) In July 1944, the Soviet Red Army entered
Poland and established a communist-controlled "Polish Committee of National
Liberation" at Lublin.

Resistance against the Nazis in Warsaw, including uprisings by Jews in the
Warsaw ghetto and by the Polish underground, was brutally suppressed. As the
Germans retreated in January 1945, they leveled the city.

During the war, about 6 million Poles were killed, and 2.5 million were
deported to Germany for forced labor. More than 3 million Jews (all but about
100,000 of the Jewish population) were killed in death camps like those at
Oswiecim (Auschwitz), Treblinka, and Majdanek.

Following the Yalta Conference in February 1945, a Polish Provisional
Government of National Unity was formed in June 1945; the U.S. recognized it
the next month. Although the Yalta agreement called for free elections, those
held in January 1947 were controlled by the Communist Party. The communists
then established a regime entirely under their domination.

Communist Party Domination
In October 1956, after the 20th ("de-Stalinization") Soviet Party Congress in
Moscow and riots by workers in Poznan, there was a shakeup in the communist
regime. While retaining most traditional communist economic and social aims,
the regime of First Secretary Wladyslaw Gomulka liberalized Polish internal
life.

In 1968, the trend reversed when student demonstrations were suppressed and
an "anti-Zionist" campaign initially directed against Gomulka supporters
within the party eventually led to the emigration of much of Poland's
remaining Jewish population. In December 1970, disturbances and strikes in
the port cities of Gdansk, Gdynia, and Szczecin, triggered by a price
increase for essential consumer goods, reflected deep dissatisfaction with
living and working conditions in the country. Edward Gierek replaced Gomulka
as First Secretary.

Fueled by large infusions of Western credit, Poland's economic growth rate
was one of the world's highest during the first half of the 1970s. But much
of the borrowed capital was misspent, and the centrally planned economy was
unable to use the new resources effectively. The growing debt burden became
insupportable in the late 1970s, and economic growth had become negative by
1979.

In October 1978, the Bishop of Krakow, Cardinal Karol Wojtyla, became Pope
John Paul II, head of the Roman Catholic Church. Polish Catholics rejoiced at
the elevation of a Pole to the papacy and greeted his June 1979 visit to
Poland with an outpouring of emotion.

In July 1980, with the Polish foreign debt at more than $20 billion, the
government made another attempt to increase meat prices. A chain reaction of
strikes virtually paralyzed the Baltic coast by the end of August and, for
the first time, closed most coalmines in Silesia. Poland was entering into an
extended crisis that would change the course of its future development.

The Solidarity Movement
On August 31, 1980, workers at the Lenin Shipyard in Gdansk, led by an
electrician named Lech Walesa, signed a 21-point agreement with the
government that ended their strike. Similar agreements were signed at
Szczecin and in Silesia. The key provision of these agreements was the
guarantee of the workers' right to form independent trade unions and the
right to strike. After the Gdansk agreement was signed, a new national union
movement--"Solidarity"--swept Poland.

The discontent underlying the strikes was intensified by revelations of
widespread corruption and mismanagement within the Polish state and party
leadership. In September 1980, Gierek was replaced by Stanislaw Kania as
First Secretary.

Alarmed by the rapid deterioration of the PZPR's authority following the
Gdansk agreement, the Soviet Union proceeded with a massive military buildup
along Poland's border in December 1980. In February 1981, Defense Minister
Gen. Wojciech Jaruzelski assumed the position of Prime Minister as well, and
in October 1981, he also was named party First Secretary. At the first
Solidarity national congress in September-October 1981, Lech Walesa was
elected national chairman of the union.

On December 12-13, the regime declared martial law, under which the army and
special riot police were used to crush the union. Virtually all Solidarity
leaders and many affiliated intellectuals were arrested or detained. The
United States and other Western countries responded to martial law by
imposing economic sanctions against the Polish regime and against the Soviet
Union. Unrest in Poland continued for several years thereafter.

In a series of slow, uneven steps, the Polish regime rescinded martial law.
In December 1982, martial law was suspended, and a small number of political
prisoners were released. Although martial law formally ended in July 1983 and
a general amnesty was enacted, several hundred political prisoners remained
in jail.

In July 1984, another general amnesty was declared, and 2 years later, the
government had released nearly all political prisoners. The authorities
continued, however, to harass dissidents and Solidarity activists. Solidarity
remained proscribed and its publications banned. Independent publications
were censored.

Roundtable Talks and Elections
The government's inability to forestall Poland's economic decline led to
waves of strikes across the country in April, May, and August 1988. In an
attempt to take control of the situation, the government gave de facto
recognition to Solidarity, and Interior Minister Kiszczak began talks with
Lech Walesa on August 31. These talks broke off in October, but a new series,
the "roundtable" talks, began in February 1989. These talks produced an
agreement in April for partly open National Assembly elections. The June
election produced a Sejm (lower house), in which one-third of the seats went
to communists and one-third went to the two parties which had hitherto been
their coalition partners. The remaining one-third of the seats in the Sejm
and all those in the Senate were freely contested; virtually all of these
were won by candidates supported by Solidarity.

The failure of the communists at the polls produced a political crisis. The
roundtable agreement called for a communist president, and on July 19, the
National Assembly, with the support of some Solidarity deputies, elected
General Jaruzelski to that office. Two attempts by the communists to form
governments failed, however.

On August 19, President Jaruzelski asked journalist/Solidarity activist
Tadeusz Mazowiecki to form a government; on September 12, the Sejm voted
approval of Prime Minister Mazowiecki and his cabinet. For the first time in
more than 40 years, Poland had a government led by non-communists.

In December 1989, the Sejm approved the government's reform program to
transform the Polish economy rapidly from centrally planned to free-market,
amended the constitution to eliminate references to the "leading role" of the
Communist Party, and renamed the country the "Republic of Poland." The Polish
United Workers' (Communist) Party dissolved itself in January 1990, creating
in its place a new party, Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland. Most of
the property of the former Communist Party was turned over to the state.

The May 1990 local elections were entirely free. Candidates supported by
Solidarity's Citizens' Committees won most of the races they contested,
although voter turnout was only a little over 40%. The cabinet was reshuffled
in July 1990; the national defense and interior affairs ministers--holdovers
from the previous communist government--were among those replaced.

In October 1990, the constitution was amended to curtail the term of
President Jaruzelski. In December, Lech Walesa became the first popularly
elected President of Poland.

The Republic of Poland
The Republic of Poland in the early 1990s made great progress toward
achieving a fully democratic government and a market economy. In November
1990, Lech Walesa was elected President for a 5-year term. Jan Krzysztof
Bielecki, at Walesa's request, formed a government and served as its Prime
Minister until October 1991, introducing world prices and greatly expanding
the scope of private enterprise.

Poland's first free parliamentary elections were held in 1991. More than 100
parties participated, representing a full spectrum of political views. No
single party received more than 13% of the total vote. Since 1991, Poland has
conducted three general parliamentary elections and two presidential
elections--all free and fair. Incumbent governments have transferred power
smoothly and constitutionally in every instance to their successors. The
post-Solidarity center-right and post-Communist center-left have each
controlled the Parliament and the Presidency since 1991. The current
President, Aleksander Kwasniewski, was first elected in 1995 and re-elected
in 2000. Kwasniewski was a founder of the post-Communist Democratic Left
Alliance (SLD), though he resigned from the party upon acceding to the
presidency. He will retire at the end of his second and constitutionally
mandated final term on December 23, 2005. Elections to choose his successor
were held October 9. Civic Platform's (PO) Donald Tusk won a 36% plurality
and will face Law and Justice's (PiS) Lech Kaczynski in an October 23, 2005
runoff.

The outgoing caretaker government of Prime Minister Marek Belka replaced its
scandal-plagued SLD predecessor in June 2004. Belka's SLD-backed government
has maintained generally pro-market economic policies, has made fighting
corruption and bringing Poland's financial house into order its priorities,
and is committed to a democratic political system. Following September 25,
2005 parliamentary elections, the SLD saw its 42% plurality in the current
Sejm reduced to 11% of seats in the incoming Sejm. The election winner, the
center-right PiS, is negotiating with runner-up PO to form a new government.
Observers expect the new PiS-PO government will be announced immediately
following the presidential runoff.

GOVERNMENT AND POLITICAL CONDITIONS
The current government structure consists of a council of ministers led by a
Prime Minister, typically chosen from the majority coalition in the bicameral
legislature's lower house (Sejm). The president, elected every five years for
no more than two terms, is the head of state and commander-in-chief of the
armed forces. The judicial branch plays a minor role in decision-making.

The parliament, consisting of 460 members of the Sejm and 100 members of the
upper house, or Senat, was elected in September 2001 in free and fair
elections in which 15 political parties participated. The new Constitution
and the reformed administrative division (as of 1999) required a revision of
the election ordinance (passed in April 2001). The most important changes
were liquidation of a national list (all deputies were elected by voters in
constituencies) and introduction of a new method of calculating seats (the
modified St. Lague method replaced the d'Hondt method, thus eliminating the
premium for the top parties). The law stipulated that with the exception of
guaranteed seats for small ethnic parties, only parties receiving at least 5%
of the total vote could enter parliament.

Parties represented in the newly elected Sejm will be Law and Justice (PiS),
Citizens Platform (PO), Self-Defense (SO), Democratic Left Alliance (SLD),
the League of Polish Families (LPR), and the Polish Peasant Party (PSL).

Principal Government Officials (outgoing)
President--Aleksander Kwasniewski
Prime Minister--Marek Belka
Deputy Prime Minister, Minister of Social Policy--Izabela Jaruga-Nowacka
Head of Prime Minister's Chancellery--Slawomir Cytrycki
Minister of Foreign Affairs--Adam Daniel Rotfeld
Minister of Economy and Labor--Jacek Piechota (SLD)
Minister of Internal Affairs and Administration--Ryszard Kalisz (SLD)
Minister of Defense--Jerzy Szmajdzinski (SLD)
Minister of Finance--Miroslaw Gronicki
Minister of Treasury--Jacek Socha
Minister of Infrastructure--Krzysztof Opawski
Minister of Justice--Andrzej Kalwas
Minister of Agriculture--Jozef Pilarczyk (SLD)
Minister of Education and Sports--Miroslaw Sawicki
Minister of Culture--Waldemar Dabrowski
Minister of Science and Information Technology--Michal Kleiber
Minister of Health--Marek Balicki (SdPl)
Minister of Environment--Tomasz Podgajniak

Ambassador to the United States--Janusz Reiter
Deputy Chief of Mission--Boguslaw Winid

Poland maintains an embassy in the United States at 2640 16th St. NW,
Washington, DC 20009 (tel. 202-234-3800/3801/3802); the consular annex is at
2224 Wyoming Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20008 (tel. 202-234-3800). Poland has
consulates in Chicago, New York City, and Los Angeles.

ECONOMY
The Polish economy grew rapidly in the mid-1990s, but slowed considerably in
2001 and 2002. Since then, growth in the gross domestic product (GDP)
recovered to 3.8% in 2003 and accelerated to 5.4% in 2004; although final
figures are not yet available, GDP is expected to increase another 4.5-5% in
2005. Faster growth has failed to significantly reduce unemployment, which
stood at 18.7% in the middle of 2005, the highest level in the EU. Tight
monetary policy and dramatic productivity growth have helped temper
inflation, which was roughly at 3.5% in 2004. Likewise, Poland's current
account deficit, which grew rapidly in the late 1990s, fell to 1.5% of GDP in
2004. The budget deficit remains a source of concern though the accelerating
economy helped to hold the deficit at an estimated 4.6% of GDP in 2004.

Throughout the 1990s, the United States and other Western countries supported
the growth of a free enterprise economy by reducing Poland's foreign debt
burden, providing economic aid, and lowering trade barriers. Poland graduated
from USAID assistance in 2000 and paid the balance of its U.S.-held Paris
Club debt in 2005. Poland officially joined the EU on May 1, 2004.

Agriculture
Agriculture employs 28.7% of the work force but contributes only 3.4% to the
gross domestic product (GDP), reflecting relatively low productivity. Unlike
the industrial sector, Poland's agricultural sector remained largely in
private hands during the decades of communist rule. Most of the former state
farms are now leased to farmer tenants. Lack of credit is hampering efforts
to sell former state farmland. Currently, Poland's 2 million private farms
occupy 90% of all farmland and account for roughly the same percentage of
total agricultural production. These farms are small--8 hectares (ha) on
average--and often fragmented. Farms with an area exceeding 15 ha accounted
for only 9% of the total number of farms but cover 45% of total agricultural
area. Over half of all farming households in Poland produce only for their
own needs with little, if any, commercial sales.

Poland is a net exporter of confectionery, processed fruit and vegetables,
meat, and dairy products. Processors often rely on imports to supplement
domestic supplies of wheat, feed grains, vegetable oil, and protein meals,
which are generally insufficient to meet domestic demand. However, Poland is
the leading producer in Europe of potatoes and rye and is one of the world's
largest producers of sugarbeets. Poland also is a significant producer of
rapeseed, grains, hogs, and cattle. Attempts to increase domestic feed grain
production are hampered by the short growing season, poor soil, and the small
size of farms.

Pressure to restructure the agriculture sector intensified as Poland prepared
to accede to the European Union, which is unwilling to subsidize the vast
number of subsistence farms that do not produce for the market. The changes
in agriculture are likely to strain Poland's social fabric, tearing at the
heart of the traditional, family-based small farm as the younger generation
drifts toward the cities. Nonetheless, dramatically increasing agricultural
exports to the EU-15 (38% growth in the past year) and payments to farmers
from Brussels following accession have enriched Polish commercial farmers and
dramatically increase support for EU membership in Poland's rural areas."

Industry
Before World War II, Poland's industrial base was concentrated in the coal,
textile, chemical, machinery, iron, and steel sectors. Today it extends to
fertilizers, petrochemicals, machine tools, electrical machinery,
electronics, and shipbuilding.

Poland's industrial base suffered greatly during World War II, and many
resources were directed toward reconstruction. The communist economic system
imposed in the late 1940s created large and unwieldy economic structures
operated under a tight central command. In part because of this systemic
rigidity, the economy performed poorly even in comparison with other
economies in central Europe.

In 1990, the Mazowiecki government began a comprehensive reform program to
replace the centralized command economy with a market-oriented system. While
the results overall have been impressive, many large state-owned industrial
enterprises, particularly the railroad and the mining, steel, and defense
sectors, have remained resistant to the change and downsizing required to
survive in an open market economy.

Economic Reform Program and Direct Foreign Investment
The economic reforms introduced in 1990 removed price controls, eliminated
most subsidies to industry, opened markets to international competition, and
imposed strict budgetary and monetary discipline. Poland was the first former
centrally planned economy in central Europe to end its recession and return
to growth in the early 1990s. The private sector now accounts for over
two-thirds of GDP.

In early 2002, the government announced a new set of economic reforms known
as the Hausner Plan, designed in many ways to complete the process launched
in 1990. The package acknowledged the need to improve Poland's investment
climate, particularly the conditions for small and medium-sized enterprises,
and better prepare the economy to compete as a European Union (EU) member.
The government also aimed to improve Poland's public finances to prepare for
eventual adoption of the euro. Though the government was able to enact only
portions of the Hausner Plan, those successes coupled with successful
monetary efforts to strengthen the zloty, have put Poland within reach of the
National Bank's goal of Euro accession in 2008-2009.

As a result of Poland's growth and investment-friendly climate, the country
has received over $85 billion in direct foreign investment (DFI) since 1990,
with roughly $7 billion in 2004 alone. According to a recently publish report
by Ernst and Young, Poland is tied with Germany as the most attractive
destination for foreign investment in Europe. The availability of cheap land
and a large, relatively skilled labor force are among Polish strengths.
However, the government continues to play a strong role in the economy, as
seen in excessive red tape and the high level of politicization in many
business decisions. Investors complain that state regulation is not
transparent or predictable, and the economy suffers from a lack of
competition in many sectors, notably telecommunications.

Foreign Trade
With the collapse of the ruble-based COMECON trading bloc in 1990, Poland
scrambled to reorient its trade. As early as 1996, 70% of its trade was with
EU-15 members, and neighboring Germany today is Poland's dominant trading
partner. Most of Poland's imports are capital goods needed for industrial
retooling and for manufacturing inputs, rather than imports for consumption.
Therefore, a deficit is expected and should even be regarded as positive at
this point. Poland, a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and
European Union, applies the EU's common external tariff to goods from other
countries--including the U.S.

In the year since it joined the EU, Poland has experienced an overall growth
in exports of 30%. This growth was not confined to trade among EU partners:
while exports to EU countries rose by 27%, exports to developing countries
rose by 46%, and exports to Russia rose an unexpected 77%. Poland's trade
balance continued to improve, with export growth significantly outpacing
import growth. Opportunities for trade and investment continue to exist
across virtually all sectors. The American Chamber of Commerce in Poland,
founded in 1991 with seven members, now has more than 300 members. Strong
economic growth potential, a large domestic market, EU membership, and
political stability are the top reasons U.S. and other foreign companies do
business in Poland.

FOREIGN RELATIONS AND NATIONAL SECURITY
Poland became an associate member of the EU and its defensive arm, the
Western European Union, in 1994. In the June 2003 national referendum, the
Polish people approved EU accession by an overwhelming margin, and Poland
gained full membership in May 2004.

Changes since 1989 have redrawn the map of central Europe, and Poland has had
to forge relationships with seven new neighbors. Poland has actively pursued
good relations, signing friendship treaties replacing links severed by the
collapse of the Warsaw Pact. The Poles have forged special relationships with
Lithuania and particularly Ukraine in an effort to firmly anchor these states
to the West.

Poland became a full member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
in March 1999 as part of the first wave of enlargement outlined at the July
1997 NATO Summit in Madrid. Poland's top national security goal is to further
integrate with NATO and other west European defense, economic, and political
institutions while modernizing and reorganization its military. Polish
military doctrine reflects the same defense posture as its Alliance partners.

Poland maintains a sizable armed force currently numbering about 140,572
troops divided among an army of 87,877, an air and defense force of 31,147,
and a navy of 21,548. Poland relies on military conscription for the majority
of its personnel strength. All males (with some exceptions) are subject to a
12-month term of military service. The Polish military continues to
restructure and to modernize its equipment. The Polish Defense Ministry
General Staff and the Land Forces staff have recently reorganized the latter
into a NATO-compatible J/G-1 through J/G-6 structure. Although budget
constraints remain a drag on modernization, Poland has been able to move
forward with U.S. assistance on acquiring 48 F-16 multi-role fighters, C-130
cargo planes, HMMWVs, and other items key to the military's restructuring.

Poland continues to be a regional leader in support and participation in the
NATO Partnership for Peace Program and has actively engaged most of its
neighbors and other regional actors to build stable foundations for future
European security arrangements. Poland continues its long record of strong
support for UN Peacekeeping Operations by maintaining a unit in Southern
Lebanon, a battalion in NATO's Kosovo Force (KFOR), and by providing and
actually deploying the KFOR strategic reserve to Kosovo. Polish military
forces have served in both Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan and
Operation Iraqi Freedom.

Poland assumed command of a multinational division of stabilization forces in
Iraq (MDN-CS) on September 3, 2003. Poland and its MND-CS partners have
worked effectively since then to stabilize south central Iraq while working
to train Iraqi forces to take over MND-CS responsibilities and operate
independently.

U.S.-POLISH RELATIONS
The United States established diplomatic relations with the newly formed
Polish Republic in April 1919. After Gomulka came to power in 1956, relations
with the United States began to improve. However, during the 1960s, reversion
to a policy of full and unquestioning support for Soviet foreign policy
objectives and anti-Semitic feelings in Poland caused those relations to
stagnate. U.S.-Polish relations improved significantly after Gierek succeeded
Gomulka and expressed his interest in improving relations with the United
States. A consular agreement was signed in 1972.

In 1974 Gierek was the first Polish leader to visit the United States. This
action, among others, demonstrated that both sides wished to facilitate
better relations.

The birth of Solidarity in 1980 raised the hope that progress would be made
in Poland's external relations as well as in its domestic development. During
this time, the United States provided $765 million in agricultural
assistance. Human rights and individual freedom issues, however, were not
improved upon, and the U.S. revoked Poland's most-favored-nation (MFN) status
in response to the Polish Government's decision to ban Solidarity. MFN status
was reinstated in 1987, and diplomatic relations were upgraded.

The United States and Poland have enjoyed warm bilateral relations since
1989. Every post-1989 Polish Government has been a strong supporter of
continued American military and economic presence in Europe. As well as
supporting the Global War on Terror, Operation Enduring Freedom in
Afghanistan, and coalition efforts in Iraq, Poland cooperates closely with
American diplomacy on such issues as democratization, nuclear proliferation,
human rights, regional cooperation in central and eastern Europe, and UN
reform.

Principal U.S. Embassy Officials
Ambassador--Victor Ashe
Deputy Chief of Mission--Ken Hillas
Press and Cultural Affairs Counselor--Edward J. Kulakowski
Political Counselor--Mary Curtin
Economic Counselor--Richard Rorvig
Consul General--Lisa Piascik
Management Counselor--Sara Drew
Agricultural Counselor--Ed Porter
Defense Attaché--Henry Nowak
Principal Officer, Krakow--Ken Fairfax
Counselor for Commercial Affairs--Edgar Fulton

The street address and international mailing address of the U.S. Embassy in
Poland is Aleje Ujazdowskie 29/31, 00540 Warsaw, Poland; tel: 48-22-504-2000;
fax 48-22-504-2688. The Consulate General in Krakow is at Ulica Stolarska 9,
31-043 Krakow, Poland; tel: 48-12-424-5200; fax: 48-12-424-5100; and a
Consular Agency in Poznan is at Ulica Paderewskiego 8, 61-708 Poznan, Poland;
tel: 48-61-851-8516; fax: 48-61-851-8966.