About the CBI

October 2005
Background Note: Tajikistan

Flag of Tajikistan is three horizontal stripes of red (top), a wider stripe
of white, and green; a gold crown surmounted by seven gold, five-pointed
stars is located in the center of the white stripe.

PROFILE

OFFICIAL NAME:
Republic of Tajikistan

Geography
Area: 143,100 sq. km.
Capital: Dushanbe.
Terrain: Pamir and Alay mountains dominate landscape; western Ferghana valley
in north, Kofarnihon and Vakhsh Valleys in southwest.
Climate: Mid-latitude continental, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid to
polar in Pamir mountains.

People
Nationality: Tajikistani.
Population (July 2005 est.): 7,163,506.
Population growth rate (2005 est.): 2.15%.
Ethnic groups: Tajik 67%, Uzbek 23%, Russian 3.5%, other 6.5%.
Religion: Sunni Muslim 80%, Shi'a (Ismaili) Muslim 5%, other 15%.
Language: Tajik (sole official language as of 1994); Russian widely used in
government and business; 77% of the country, however, is rural and they speak
mostly Tajik.
Education: Literacy (according to Tajikistan official statistics, 2003)--88%.
The Tajik education system has suffered greatly since independence.
Health: Life expectancy--61.68 years men; 67.59 years women. Infant mortality
rate--110.76 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.).
Work force (2003 est.): 3.301 million.

Government
Type: Republic.
Independence: September 9, 1991 (from Soviet Union).
Constitution: November 6, 1994.
Branches: Executive--chief of state: President Emomali RAHMONOV since
November 6, 1994; head of state and Supreme Assembly chairman since November
19, 1992; head of government: Prime Minister Oqil OQILOV since January 20,
1999. Cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president, approved by
the Supreme Assembly. Elections: president elected by popular vote for a
7-year term; election last held November 6, 1999 (next to be held in 2006);
prime minister appointed by the president. Election results: Emomali RAHMONOV
elected president; percent of vote: Emomali RAHMONOV 96%, Davlat USMONOV 4%.
Legislative--bicameral Supreme Assembly or Majlisi Oli consists of the
Assembly of Representatives or Majlisi Namoyanandagon (lower chamber; 63
seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve 5-year terms) and the
National Assembly or Majlisi Milliy (upper chamber; 33 seats; members are
indirectly elected by popular vote to serve 5-year terms, 25 selected by
local deputies, 8 appointed by the president; all serve 5-year terms).
Elections: last held February 27, 2005 for the Assembly of Representatives.
Election results: percent of vote by party--PDPT 74.9%, Communist Party
13.64%, Islamic Revival 8.94%, other 2.5%. Judicial--Supreme Court; judges
are appointed by the president.
Political parties and leaders: Democratic Party or DPT [Mahmadruzi
ISKANDAROV, chairman]; Islamic Revival Party or IRPT [Said Abdullo NURI];
Social Democratic Party or SDPT [Rahmatullo ZOIROV]; People's Democratic
Party of Tajikistan or PDPT [Emomali RAHMONOV]; Tajik Communist Party or CPT
[Shodi SHABDOLOV]; Socialist Party of Tajikistan Party or SPT [Abdukhalim
GAFFOROV].
Suffrage: 18 years of age, universal.
Defense (2003 est.): Military manpower (availability)--1,273,700.

Economy
GDP nominal (2005 est.): $2.3 billion.
GDP nominal per capita (2004): U.S. $252. Purchasing power parity is about
$1,100.
GDP real growth rate (2004 est.): 10.5%.
Inflation rate (consumer prices, 2004 est.): 8%.
Natural resources: Hydropower, some petroleum, uranium, gold, mercury, brown
coal, lead, zinc, antimony, tungsten.
Official unemployment rate (2003): 2.1%. The official rate is estimated based
on the number of registered unemployment benefit recipients; under employment
also is very high, approximately 40% of the workforce; 60% live under the
poverty line (2004).
Agriculture: Products--cotton, grain, fruits, grapes, vegetables; cattle,
sheep, goats.
Industry: Types--aluminum, zinc, lead, chemicals and fertilizers, cement,
vegetable oil, textiles, metal-cutting machine tools, refrigerators and
freezers.
Trade: Exports (2004 est.)--$1.13 billion f.o.b.: aluminum (49%), electricity
(23%), cotton (12%), gold, fruits, vegetable oil, textiles. Partners (2004)
--Latvia 13.1%, Switzerland 11.5%, Uzbekistan 11.3%, Norway 9.9%, Russia
8.2%, Iran 7.9%, Turkey 7.7%, Italy 6.6%, Hungary 4.4%. Imports (2004 est.)
--$1.3 billion f.o.b.: electricity, petroleum products, aluminum oxide,
machinery and equipment, foodstuffs. Partners (2004)--Russia 17.8%,
Uzbekistan 13.4%, Kazakhstan 9.7%, Ukraine 6.3%, Azerbaijan 6.3%, U.S. 5.8%,
Turkey 4.3%.
Total external debt (2005 est.): $1.09 billion; total bilateral external debt
--$509 million, of which Uzbekistan $94 million, U.S. $18.2 million, Turkey
$26 million, Kazakhstan $19 million, Pakistan $16 million; total multilateral
debt (2000)--$365 million, of which World Bank $153 million, IMF $113
million, ADB $19 million.
Debt/GDP ratio (2005): 46.7%.

GEOGRAPHY
At 36'40' northern latitude and 41'14' eastern longitude, Tajikistan is
nestled between Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan to the north and west, China to the
east, and Afghanistan to the south. Tajikistan is home to some of the highest
mountains in the world, including the Pamir and Alay ranges. Ninety-three
percent of Tajikistan is mountainous with altitudes ranging from 1,000 feet
to 27,000 feet, with nearly 50% of Tajikistan's territory above 10,000 feet.
Earthquakes are of varying degrees and are frequent. The massive mountain
ranges are cut by hundreds of canyons and gorges; at the bottom of these run
streams which flow into larger river valleys where the majority of the
country's population lives and works. The principal rivers of Central Asia,
the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya, both flow through Tajikistan, fed by melting
snow from mountains of Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. Flooding and landslides
sometimes occur during the annual spring thaw.

PEOPLE
Contemporary Tajiks are the descendants of ancient Eastern Iranian
inhabitants of Central Asia, in particular the Soghdians and the Bactrians,
and possibly other groups, with an admixture of western Iranian Persians and
non-Iranian peoples, Mongols, and Turkic peoples. Until the 20th century,
people in the region used two types of distinction to identify themselves:
way of life--either nomadic or sedentary--and place of residence. By the late
19th century, the Tajik and Uzbek peoples, who lived in proximity for
centuries and often used--and continue to use--each other's languages, did
not perceive themselves as two distinct nationalities. The division of
Central Asia into five Soviet Republics in the 1920s imposed artificial
labels on a region in which many different peoples lived intermixed.

HISTORY
The current Tajik Republic hearkens back to the Samanid Empire (A.D.
875-999), which ruled what is now Tajikistan as well as territory to the
south and west, as their role model and name for their currency. During their
reign, the Samanids supported the revival of the written Persian language in
the wake of the Arab Islamic conquest in the early 8th century and played an
important role in preserving the culture of the pre-Islamic Persian-speaking
world. They were the last Persian-speaking empire to rule Central Asia.

After a series of attacks beginning in the 1860s during the "Great Game"
between the British Empire and the Russian Empire for supremacy in Central
Asia, the Tajik people came under Russian rule. This rule waned briefly after
the Russian Revolution of 1917 as the Bolsheviks consolidated their power and
were embroiled in a civil war in other regions of the former Russian Empire.
As the Bolsheviks attempted to regain Central Asia in the 1920s, an
indigenous Central Asian resistance movement based in the Ferghana Valley,
the "Basmachi movement," attempted to resist but was eventually defeated in
1925. Tajikistan became fully established under Soviet control with the
creation of Tajikistan as an autonomous Soviet socialist republic within
Uzbekistan in 1924, and as one of the independent Soviet socialist republics
in 1929.

GOVERNMENT AND POLITICAL CONDITIONS
The Republic of Tajikistan gained its independence during the breakup of the
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.) on September 9, 1991 and
promptly fell into a civil war from 1992-97 between old-guard regionally
based ruling elites and disenfranchised regions, democratic liberal
reformists, and Islamists loosely organized in a United Tajik Opposition
(UTO). Other combatants and armed bands that flourished in this civil chaos
simply reflected the breakdown of central authority rather than loyalty to a
political faction. The height of hostilities occurred between 1992-93. By
1997, the predominantly Kulyabi-led Tajik Government and the UTO successfully
negotiated a powersharing peace accord and implemented it by 2000.

Tajikistan is slowly rebuilding itself with an integrated government. The
last Russian border guards protecting Tajikistan's 1,400 km border with
Afghanistan completed their withdrawal in July 2005. Russia maintains its
military presence in Tajikistan with the basing of the Russian 201st
Motorized Rifle Division that never left Tajikistan when it became
independent. Most of these Russian-led forces, however, are local Tajik
noncommissioned officers and soldiers.

Tajikistan's most recent presidential election in 1999 and its 2005
parliamentary elections were widely considered to be flawed and unfair but
peaceful. The inclusion of an overtly declared Islamic party committed to
secular government (Islamic Renaissance Party) and several other parties in
the parliamentary elections represented an improvement in the Tajik people's
right to choose their government. Tajikistan is the only Central Asian
country in which a religiously affiliated political party is represented in
parliament. President Rahmonov, while no longer specifically obliged--as he
was under the peace accords--to allocate one-third of government positions to
the UTO, has kept some former UTO officials in senior cabinet-level
positions. While the government and the now-incorporated former opposition
continue to distrust each other, they have often found a way to work with
each other and are committed to peacefully resolving their differences. In
June 2003, Tajikistan held a flawed referendum to enact a package of
constitutional changes, including a provision to allow President Rahmonov the
possibility of reelection to up to two additional 7-year terms after his
current term expires in 2006. The February 2005 parliamentary elections, in
which the ruling party secured 49 of the 63 seats, failed to meet many key
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) standards on
democratic elections, but there were some improvements over previous
elections.

Afghanistan continues to represent the primary security concern in
Tajikistan's immediate neighborhood, although much less so than in earlier
years. With the ouster of the former Taliban government from Afghanistan,
Tajikistan now has much friendlier relations with its neighbor to the south.
The Taliban-allied Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU), a U.S.
Government-declared terrorist organization formerly active in Afghanistan and
Tajikistan, has also been greatly diminished as a threat to Tajikistan's
domestic stability. Rampant illicit trafficking of Afghan opium and heroin
through Tajikistan remains a serious long-term threat to Tajikistan's
stability and development, fostering corruption, violent crime, HIV/AIDS, and
economic distortions.

Principal Government Officials
President--Emomali Rahmonov
Prime Minister--Oqil Oqilov
Foreign Minister--Talbak Nazarov
Ambassador to the United States--Hamrohon Zaripov
Ambassador to the United Nations--Rashid Alimov

Tajikistan maintains an embassy in the United States at 1005 New Hampshire
Ave NW, Washington, DC 20037 (tel.: 202-233-6090; fax: 202-223-6091).

ECONOMY
Tajikistan is the poorest Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) country
and one of the poorest countries in the world. With foreign revenue
precariously dependent upon exports of cotton and aluminum, the economy is
highly vulnerable to external shocks. In FY 2000, international assistance
remained an essential source of support for rehabilitation programs that
reintegrated former civil war combatants into the civilian economy, thus
helping keep the peace. International assistance also was necessary to
address the second year of severe drought that resulted in a continued
shortfall of food production.

Despite resistance from vested interests, the Government of Tajikistan
continued to pursue macroeconomic stabilization and structural reform in FY
2000. In December 1999, the government announced that small-enterprise
privatization had been successfully completed, and the privatization of
medium-sized and large state-owned enterprises (SOEs) continued
incrementally. The continued privatization of medium-sized and large SOEs,
land reform, and banking reform and restructuring remain top priorities.
Shortly after the end of FY 2000, the Board of the International Monetary
Fund gave its vote of confidence to the government's recent performance by
approving the third annual Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility Loan for
Tajikistan. Improved fiscal discipline by the Government of Tajikistan has
supported the return to positive economic growth. The government budget was
nearly in balance in 2001 and the government's 2002 budget targeted a fiscal
deficit of 0.3% of GDP, including recent increases in social sector spending.

FOREIGN RELATIONS
With the ouster of the former Taliban government from Afghanistan, Tajikistan
now has much friendlier relations with its neighbor to the south. Though a
pull-out of Russian border guards was completed in July 2005, Tajikistan
continues to permit basing of the Russian 201st Motorized Rifle Division that
never left Tajikistan when it became independent.

U.S.-TAJIK RELATIONS
The United States remains committed to assisting Tajikistan in its economic
and political development, as Tajikistan continues to recover from its civil
war legacy. U.S. assistance efforts are evolving away from humanitarian aid
and political reconciliation, as those needs increasingly have been met.
Instead, our efforts are targeted toward broader goals of democratic and
economic reforms. [For more information, see fact sheet on FY 2005 U.S.
Assistance to Tajikistan.]

U.S.-Tajik relations have developed considerably since September 11, 2001.
The two countries now have a broad-based relationship, cooperating in such
areas as counter-narcotics, counter-terrorism, non-proliferation, and
regional growth and stability. In light of the Russian border forces'
withdrawal from the Tajik-Afghan border, the U.S. Government leads an
international donor effort to enhance Tajikistan's territorial integrity,
prevent the transit of narcotics and material or technology related to
weapons of mass destruction (WMD), and support a stable, peaceful Tajikistan
in order to prevent the spread of influence and activities of radical groups
and terrorists.

We continue to assist Tajikistan on economic reforms and integration into the
broader global marketplace, for example in pursuing World Trade Organization
(WTO) accession. Tajikistan has been a strong supporter of U.S. efforts in
the war on terrorism and in promoting peace and stability in Afghanistan.

In June 2005, ground was broken on the U.S. Government-funded $28 million
Tajik-Afghan Bridge across the Pyanzh River. When completed in 2007, the
bridge will connect Sher Khan, Afghanistan, with Nizhniy Pyanzh, Tajikistan
and is expected to transport more than 1,000 cars daily. The bridge will
enhance economic and commercial opportunities on both sides of the river,
allowing goods and people to move across more easily. On the Afghan side, the
bridge road will connect to the Afghan Ring Road, which is being built with
international assistance primarily via the Asian Development Bank.

Tajikistan established an embassy in Washington in temporary offices in
February 2003, and formally opened its first permanent chancery building in
March 2004.

The United States recognized Tajikistan on December 25, 1991, the day the
U.S.S.R. dissolved, and opened a temporary Embassy in a hotel in the capital,
Dushanbe, in March 1992. After the bombings of U.S. Embassies in Africa in
1998, Embassy Dushanbe American personnel were temporarily relocated to
Almaty, Kazakhstan, due to heightened Embassy security standards. American
Embassy Dushanbe has returned to full operations and a new Embassy compound,
the first purpose-built U.S. Embassy in Tajikistan, is scheduled for
completion in early 2006.

Principal U.S. Embassy Officials
Ambassador--Richard E. Hoagland
Deputy Chief of Mission--Thomas Armbruster
Management Officer--Bruce Wilson
Political-Economic Officers--Elizabeth Horst, Uyen Tang
Public Affairs Officer--Jon Larsen
Consular Officer--Evan McCarthy
Defense Attache--Maj. Jonathan Edwards
USAID Country Representative--Peter Argo

The U.S. Embassy is located at 10 Pavlova Street, Dushanbe, Tajikistan
734003; tel. 992-372-21-03-48/50/52; fax 992-372-21-03-62.